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APA, IEEE & AMA citation styles

These guides provide guidance on how to cite sources using APA, IEEE & AMA citation styles; including examples for print and electronic sources.

Personal communication

Use only an in-text citation in citing the Personal Communications

There is NO ENTRY on the reference list since a personal communication is unable to retrieve. 

Personal communications are the following;

  • telephone conversation
  • interviews or notes that are not recoverable
  • emails
  • private letters
  • non-archived discussion groups

Example: In-text citation (include initials and the exact date)

Narrative In-Text Citation : M. Armillo (personal communication, March 1, 2022) suggested in an email that ..... 

Parenthetical In-Text Citation : (C. Banayat, personal communication, January 8, 2024)