APA, IEEE & AMA citation styles

According to RefMe (n.d.), “an in-text citation is a reference made within the body of text of an academic essay. The in-text citation alerts the reader to a source that has informed your own writing”.

(Source: RefME. (n.d.). What Are In-Text Citations?. Retrieved November 20, 2016, from https://www.refme.com/us/bibliography-basics/what-is-a-citation/in-text/)

In-text Citations Have Two Formats

1.    Parenthetical - the author name and publication date (or equivalent information) appear in parentheses. 

For example: The tendency of businesses to expand their sales, ownership, and/or manufacturing to new markets outside of their home country is known as globalization (Dessler, 2013).

2.    Narrative - the author name appears in running text and the date appears in parentheses immediately after the author name. 

For example: As defined by Dessler (2013), “globalization refers to a company's tendency to expand its sales, ownership, and/or manufacturing to new markets abroad” (p.37).
 

Citation Basics

1. Follow the author-date method of in-text citations. For example, (Dessler, 2013).
2. All sources that are cited in the text must appear in the reference list at the end of the paper.

Source: Imagine Easy Solutions. (2014, September 30). What Are In-Text Citations? [Video]. Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R5igNRmKLug

Quoting - is the act of copying someone else's work and writing it exactly as it was written. When quoting, place quotation marks (" ") around the copied information to show where the quote begins and where it ends. The page number should be included at the end of the parenthetical citation (preceded by “p.”).

Example:

• As defined by Dessler (2013), "globalization refers to the tendency of firms to extend their sales, ownership, and/or manufacturing to new market abroad" (p.37).

If the article you are directly quoting does not have page numbers, identify the number of the paragraph you are directly quoting (preceded by “para.”).

Paraphrasing - is used to show that you understand what the author wrote. If you are paraphrasing or summarizing an idea from another work but not directly quoting it, you only need to include the author and year of publication in your in-text reference..

Example:

• Globalization is the practice of firms expanding their sales, ownership, and/or manufacture to new markets outside of their native country (Dessler, 2013).

The table below shows several examples of parenthetical and narrative citations.